NEW ORLEANS – For the third consecutive year, states in the Gulf South of the U.S. ranked near the bottom of a 2018 "social justice" index that measures poverty, racial disparity and immigrant exclusion, according to the Jesuit Social Research Institute at Loyola University New Orleans.

Also, for the third consecutive year, Louisiana ranked 51st in the "JustSouth Index," which includes all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

The four other Gulf South states ranked as follows: Florida, No. 41; Texas, No. 46; Alabama, No. 49; and Mississippi, No. 50.

Hawaii ranked No. 1 in the index, followed in the top 10 by Vermont, New Hampshire, Montana, Virginia, Washington, Minnesota, Maine, Massachusetts and Maryland.

Jesuit Father Fred Kammer, executive director of the Jesuit Social Research Institute and former president and CEO of Catholic Charities USA, said the index centers on "three core dimensions that reflect the history of the South's slavery, Jim Crow segregation and continuing inequality, namely racial disparities, poverty and immigrant exclusion."

The basis of the index's measurement is the United Nations' Human Development Report, which focuses on a "broader consideration of human development."

The index focuses on health, education and economic security.

Using those three measures for the first time in 2016, the research institute selected nine critical social indicators:

• Average income of those in the bottom 25 percent of households.

• Health insurance coverage for the poor.

• Housing affordability.

• Percentage of public schools segregated by race.

• Difference in earnings between white and minority workers of similar age, education and occupation.

• Gap in unemployment rate between white and minority workers.

• Immigrant youth, ages 18-25, who are not in school or unemployed.

• Immigrants with difficulty speaking English.

• Gap in health insurance rate between immigrant and native-born populations.

"We have chosen indicators which are reported annually, measurable, clear, reliable, common across all jurisdictions and actionable," Father Kammer said.

He said "actionable" was an important aspect of the measurements because "our purposes are to educate people and to point out how we together can make the kind of changes that promote far greater social justice, equity and inclusion for all of us."

For instance, Dennis Kalob, the institute's economic policy specialist, said that although Louisiana ranks at the bottom of the JustSouth Index, it actually showed some improvement from the 2017 report by expanding Medicaid for low-income residents, reducing the number of low-income people who are without health insurance from 26.4 percent to 19.8 percent – the lowest share among the five Gulf South states.

"That was due to Medicaid expansion, so congratulations to the state for doing that," Kalob said. "But Louisiana continues to struggle in all other indicators."

Louisiana had the second-lowest average income ($11,016) among low-income residents (people in the bottom 25 percent). Mississippi had the lowest ($10,821), and the national average was $16,293.

Louisiana also had the second-largest earnings gap between white and minority workers (18.4 percent); the second-largest health insurance gap between native and foreign-born residents (26.6 percent); and the sixth-highest percentage of segregated public schools in the country (21.8 percent).

One of the report's key recommendations, repeated for a third consecutive year, is to raise the minimum wage significantly from its current federal level of $7.25.

"JSRI supports the 'Fight for 15,' which is the effort around the country to move either the national minimum wage or the various state minimum wages to eventually $15 per hour," Kalob said. "The federal minimum of $7.25 is much too low. Twenty-nine states have enacted higher minimum wages. Florida is the only Gulf South state to do so at $8.46."

In addition to expanding Medicare, the report recommends expanding state programs to provide more earned income tax credits and child tax credits; creating state and local initiatives for affordable housing; improving access to English as a Second Language (ESL) and adult education classes; increasing funding for public schools; and addressing employment discrimination and workers' right violations.

Father Kammer said he hoped the report's data would spur political action. He said the expansion of Medicaid in Louisiana has helped the poor, and he has been encouraged by recent criminal justice reform efforts in the state to reduce prison populations and use the savings for rehabilitation services.

"You have to go back to the Gospel in terms of planting seeds from which we hope a harvest will grow," the priest said, adding: "That's what we try to do."